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Ischemic colitis

31 October 2009, 12:11 pm

Common in old age (90% of cases above 60 years old)
With previous history of polycythemia, DVT, endocarditis, atherosclerosis, AF, digoxin, danazole, gold, oestrogen, volvolous, strangulated intestinal hernia, vasculitis, systemic circulatory insufficiency, trauma, hypovolemia, sepsis, congestive heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, after cardiac surgery or dialysis or radiation.
Acute ischemic colitis caused mainly by mesenteric thrombosis and chronic by atherosclerosis.
Divided to Occlusive ischemia and Non-occlusive ischemia– acute and chronic.

Clinical picture of ischemic colitis :

Pain out of proportion to exam (20% to 30% are painless). The pain is usually postprandial because of the increased blood flow required for digestion. Decreased or absent bowel sounds. Occult blood that rapidly progresses to frankly bloody stool. Hypotension, tachycardia, fever, elevated WBC count, and lactic acidosis may occur if transmural infarction occurs and peritonitis develops.

Intestinal perforation as a common complication.

Investigations:

Doppler ultrasounds, CT angiography or magnetic resonance angiography “Portal venous gas or pneumatosis intestinalis is diagnostic”. Colonoscopy.

jrodes10 Ischemic colitis

Case report 1 Mar 2005 fig2 Ischemic colitis

pandora fig4 Ischemic colitis

Ischemic colitis

Management:

Conservative treatment: intravenous fluid, bowel rest, and broad-spectrum antibiotics helpeful in non-complicated cases.
In acute Ischemia: Surgical revascularization, percutaneous angiography guided revascularization, intra-arterial infusion of thrombolytic or vasodilator agents, or systemic anticoagulation.
In chronic ischemia: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or arterial bypass or endarterectomy.

More: Ischemic colitis

Filed under Gastroenterology. Tagged Anticoagulation, Arrhythmias, Bloody Stool, Broad Spectrum Antibiotics, Cardiac Surgery, Colonoscopy, Congestive Heart Failure, Conservative Treatment, Ct Angiography, Endarterectomy, Intestinal Perforation, Intestinalis, Intra Arterial Infusion, Ischemia, Ischemic Colitis, Magnetic Resonance, Mesenteric Ischemia, Mesenteric Thrombosis, Myocardial Infarction, Oestrogen, Resonance Angiography, Surgical Revascularization, Thrombolytic, Vasodilator

Comment

Dermatological disorders with malignancy

31 October 2009, 10:58 am

1. Acanthosis nigricans: Gastrointestinal Cancer

m h photo of acanthosis nigricans Dermatological disorders with malignancy

2. Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa: Gastrointestinal And Lung Cancer

lanuginosa2 s Dermatological disorders with malignancy

3. Acquired ichthyosis: Lymphoma

2007111625429198 Dermatological disorders with malignancy

4. Dermatomyositis: Bronchial And Breast Cancer

1866 Dermatological disorders with malignancy

5. Erythema gyratum repens: Lung Cancer

eac1 s Dermatological disorders with malignancy

6. Erythroderma: Lymphoma

M 06 Dermatological disorders with malignancy

7. Migratory thrombophlebitis: Pancreatic Cancer

335 1 hlight Dermatological disorders with malignancy

8. Necrolytic migratory erythema: Glucagonoma

Dermatological disorders with malignancy

9. Pyoderma gangrenosum: Myeloproliferative Disorders

Crohnie Pyoderma gangrenosum Dermatological disorders with malignancy

10. Sweet's syndrome: Haematological Malignancy, RA, IBD

041602 7a Dermatological disorders with malignancy

Filed under Dermatology. Tagged Breast Cancer, Dermatological Disorders, Erythroderma, Gastrointestinal, Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ibd, Lung Cancer, Lymphoma, Malignancy, Migratory Thrombophlebitis, Myeloproliferative Disorders, Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, Ra

Comment

Hypokalaemia

30 October 2009, 10:34 pm

Hypokalaemia with acidosis (the role)

• Diarrhoea "GIT"

• Renal tubular acidosis, Acetazolamide "Renal"

• Partially treated diabetic ketoacidosis "endocrinal"

Hypokalaemia with alkalosis (the exception)

• Vomiting "GIT"

• Diuretics "Renal"

• Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) "endocrinal"

Filed under Endocrinology. Tagged Acetazolamide, Conn, Cushing, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Diamox, Diarrhoea, Diuretics, Hypokalaemia, Nbsp, Primary Hyperaldosteronism, Quot, Renal Tubular Acidosis

Comment

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

29 October 2009, 3:00 am

CHLORIDE-RESPONSIVE METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

1. Vomiting.

2. Nasogastric (NG) suction.

3. Stool losses (laxative abuse, cystic fibrosis, villous adenoma).

4. High alkali intake.

5. Diuretics.

6. Post-hyperventilation alkalosis.

7. Massive blood transfusion

CHLORIDE-RESISTANT METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

1. Hyperadrenocorticoid diseases (Cushing's syndrome, Conn's, 2ry mineralocorticoidism as cirrhosis of the liver and congestive heart failure ).

2. licorice, tobacco chewing

3. Hypomagnesemia.

4. Hypokalemia.

5. Bartter's syndrome: *Bartter's syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease of severe hypokalaemia due to defective chloride absorption at the Na+ K+ 2Cl cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle. It is associated with normotension, unlike other endocrine causes of hypokalaemia such as Conn's, Cushing's and Liddle's syndrome which are associated with hypertension.

Filed under Endocrinology. Tagged Absorption, Adenoma, Alkali, Ascending Loop Of Henle, Autosomal Recessive Disease, Blood Transfusion, Cirrhosis Of The Liver, Clinical Features, Congestive Heart Failure, Conn, Cystic Fibrosis, Endocrine Causes, Heart Failure, Hypertension, Hyperventilation, Hypokalaemia, Hypokalemia, Laxative Abuse, Licorice, Liddle, Loop Of Henle, Losses, Massive Blood Transfusion, Metabolic Alkalosis, Metabolic Diseases, Normotension

2 Comments

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

28 October 2009, 5:21 pm

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS WITH INCREASED anion gap (AG ACIDOSIS)

Lactic acidosis.
Ketoacidosis (diabetes mellitus, alcoholic ketoacidosis).
Uremia (chronic renal failure).
Ingestion of toxins (paraldehyde, methanol, salicylate, ethylene glycol).
High-fat diet (mild acidosis).

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS WITH NORMAL anion gap (HYPERCHLOREMIC ACIDOSIS)

Renal tubular acidosis (including acidosis of aldosterone deficiency).
Intestinal loss of HCO3- (diarrhea, pancreatic fistula).
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide).
Dilutional acidosis (as a result of rapid infusion of bicarbonate-free isotonic saline).
Ingestion of exogenous acids (ammonium chloride, methionine, cystine, calcium chloride).
Ileostomy.
Ureterosigmoidostomy.
Drugs: amiloride, triamterene, spironolactone, β-blockers

Anion gap can be calculated by: (Na+ + K+) – (Cl- + HCO-3).

The normal range = 10-18 mmol/L

Filed under Endocrinology. Tagged Acetazolamide, Acidosis Lactic, Amiloride, Ammonium Chloride, Beta Blockers, Bicarbonate, Calcium Chloride, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Chloride Level, Chronic Renal Failure, Diabetes Mellitus, Ethylene Glycol, Hco, Ingestion, Isotonic Saline, Lactic Acidosis, Metabolic Acidosis, Normal Anion Gap, Rapid Infusion, Renal Tubular Acidosis, Salicylate, Spironolactone, Triamterene, Uremia

Comment

Hepatitis B, D

27 October 2009, 9:53 am

Hepatitis B
is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus that is transmitted by parenteral exposure to infected blood, usually through skin punctures by contaminated needles. risk factors for hepatitis B infection include sexual contact and the sharing of toothbrushes and razors with an infected person; vertical transmission at birth from mother to child is also common. The hepatitis B virus is present in the blood approximately 2 months after infection, incubation period 10-15 weeks with symptoms appearing at approximately 3 months. IgM anti-HBc appears early in the disease and its measurement is the best single serologic test to confirm acute viral hepatitis B.
The clinical course may progress to fulminant hepatic failure and death in up to 2% of the patients, or the infection may go to a chronic carrier state in 5-10% of the patients.

Chronic carriers are at high risk for early death from cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma and should be considered candidates for treatment with agents aimed at suppressing hepatitis B replication, as, Alpha-interferon and lamivudine.
Immunization with a recombinant HBsAg is highly effective and give long-term protection against infection.
Complications of hepatitis B: chronic infection (5-10%), fulminant liver failure (1%), hepatocellular carcinoma, glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulinaemia.
Serology of hepatitis B: previous immunisation: anti-HBs positive, all other markers are negative – previous hepatitis B and not a carrier: anti-HBc positive, HBsAg negative – previous hepatitis B, now is a carrier: anti-HBc positive, HBsAg positive.
HbeAg results from breakdown of core antigen from infected liver cells as is therefore a marker of infectivity

Hepatitis D
is caused by a defective RNA virus that requires the presence of HBsAg for expression. Hence, infection with the hepatitis D virus occurs only as a coinfection with hepatitis B virus, or as a superinfection in those who are chronic hepatitis B virus carriers.
The symptoms of hepatitis D are usually more severe than those seen with acute hepatitis B, with progression to fulminant hepatic failure and death in up to 20% of the patients. The specific serologic test for hepatitis D, anti-HD, should be carried out only if the HBsAg serology is positive.
There is no vaccine specific to the hepatitis D virus, although immunization against hepatitis B confers protection against hepatitis D.

Filed under Gastroenterology. Tagged Acute Viral Hepatitis, Alpha Interferon, Chronic Carrier, Chronic Carriers, Chronic Hepatitis, Core Antigen, Dna Virus, Double Stranded Dna, Hbsag, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Incubation Period, Liver Cells, Liver Failure, Risk Factors For Hepatitis, Rna Virus, Skin Punctures, Viral Hepatitis, Viral Hepatitis B

Comment

Hepatitis C

26 October 2009, 11:02 pm

• Hepatitis C is caused by an RNA virus that, like the hepatitis B virus, transmitted primarily by parenteral exposure to infected blood. • Risk of transmission during a needle stick injury is about 2% • The risk of transmitting the virus during sexual intercourse is probably less than 5% • The vertical transmission rate from mother to child is about 6% • Breast feeding is not contraindicated in mothers with hepatitis C •

Symptoms of acute infection are often mild. • 85% of infected people become chronic carriers. Such persons are at high risk for chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, cryoglobulinaemia and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Patients with chronic hepatitis C should be considered candidates for treatment with alpha-1 interferon or the combination of interferon and ribavirin. Serologic tests for hepatitis C continue to be improved as our knowledge of the virus increases. There is no known protective antibody and no known vaccine. •

Interferon alpha – side-effects: flu-like symptoms, depression, fatigue, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. •

Filed under Gastroenterology. Tagged Acute Infection, Breast Feeding, Chronic Carriers, Chronic Hepatitis C, Cryoglobulinaemia, Flu Like Symptoms, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C Symptoms, Hepatitis Virus, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Interferon Alpha Side Effects, Interferon And Ribavirin, Leukopenia, Needle Stick Injury, Patients With Chronic Hepatitis, Ribavirin Side Effects, Rna Virus, Serologic Tests, Sexual Intercourse, Vertical Transmission Rate

1 Comment

Hepatitis A, E

24 October 2009, 7:08 am

Hepatitis A

· Commonest cause of infectious hepatitis.

· HAV is an RNA picornavirus.

· Transmitted via the feco-oral route, person-to-person contact or ingestion of contaminated food “ex. Uncooked shellfish”

· Incubation period = 30 days.

· The virus is detectable in stool from 2 weeks before and week after jaundice.

· Endemic in Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Middle East, parts of South America.

· Symptoms: flulike illness, malaise, anorexia, weakness, fever, RUQ pain, jaundice, and pruritus.

· Children are typically asymptomatic, smokers tend to lose interest in smoking.

· When jaundice develops, it resolves within 2 weeks in 85%.

· Signs: Tender hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, rash, and lymphadenopathy.

· <10% of patients develop a relapsing course of prolonged cholestasis. Especially in patients with sickle cell anemia .

· Extrahepatic manifestations: auto-immune glomerulonephritis, vasculitis,

· Mortality rate is 1% in patients over the age of 40 years.

· Severe form of disease occurs in pregnancy or in patients has liver disease.

· ALT/AST are elevated in first 2 months.

· PCR can detect viral antigens.

· Detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) M anti-HAV antibody confirm diagnosis, IgG means resolved immunity from prior infection or vaccination.

· Liver biopsy can show focal necrosis with periportal inflammation.

· Management is supportive with symptomatic treatment.

· Bed rest does not accelerate recovery and early ambulation should be encouraged.

· Hospitalization of patient with severe or persistent anorexia, encephalopathy, or coagulopathy.

· Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in accelerating resolution of the prolonged cholestatic phase.

· Prevention of infection is possible via passive immunization and vaccination.

· Passive immunization is the method of choice for post-exposure prophylaxis because immunity develops within 3 to 5 days and lasts up to 3 months.

· The inactivated vaccine gives immunity for at least 5 to 10 years and consists of a sequence of two or three injections.

Hepatitis E

· The incubation period about 40 days.

· Transmitted in a faeco oral route (similar to hepatitis A).

· Hepatitis E is usually a self-limiting infection followed by complete recovery and there is no chronic infection, prolonged viraemia or faecal shedding is rare.

· A fulminant form of hepatitis E can develop, especially in pregnancy and with a mortality rate of 20% in the third trimester.

· The condition should therefore be suspected in outbreaks of water-borne hepatitis occurring in developing countries, especially if the disease is more severe in pregnant women, or if hepatitis A has been excluded.

· Diagnosis can by testing for the presence of specific viral antigens and/or antiviral antibodies “IgM or IgG”.

Filed under Gastroenterology. Tagged Cell Anemia, Contaminated Food, Endemic, Extrahepatic Manifestations, Hav, Hepatitis, Incubation Period, Infectious Hepatitis, Ingestion, Liver Disease, Malaise, Middot, Mortality Rate, Nbs, Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp, Oral Route, Person To Person, Picornavirus, Pruritus, Rna, Ruq Pain, Splenomegaly

Comments Off

Coeliac Disease

23 October 2009, 2:40 pm

Coeliac disease is the most common cause of malabsorption syndrome in western world” Prevalence of coeliac disease is estimated to be as high as 1 in 200 in the Western world” which caused by sensitivity to the protein gluten which present in all foods made from wheat, barley or rye and probably oats except: rice, potatoes and corn (maize). IgA antibodies to gliadin are commonly positive in the serum of patients. Serum anti-endomyseal antibody and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies are more specific. Repeated exposure leads to villous atrophy which in turn causes malabsorption. About 35% of patients present in the childhood, but it can occur in any age. Mode of presentation is variable with very subtle (failure to thrive, growth retardation or anaemia) or more obvious with fatty diarrhoea and feature of malabsorption.Conditions associated with coeliac disease include dermatitis herpetiformis (a symmetrical vesicular, pruritic skin eruption and IgA deposits are found at dermo-epidermal junction) and autoimmune disorders (type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune hepatitis). It is strongly associated with HLA-DQ2 (95% of patients) and HLA-B8 (80%) as well as HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR7.

The management of coeliac disease is a gluten-free diet

Classical case of Coeliac Disease

A 38-year-old man presents with a 8-month history of abdominal bloating, diarrhoea, bone pain, and an itchy vesicles over the extensor surfaces of the forearm . he complains recently from difficulty getting out of his chair. On examination, he has palor with multiple bruises and a symmetrical vesicular rash over his forearms, buttocks and knees.Investigations: Hb: 8.5. WBC: 3.6. Plts: 101. MCV: 97 Blood film: Microcytes, macrocytes, hypersegemented neutrophils and Howell- Jolly bodies.

Complications of Coeliac Disease

·       Anaemia: iron, folate and vitamin B12 deficiency (folate deficiency is more common than vitamin B12 deficiency in coeliac disease)

·      Hyposplenism

·      Lactose intolerance

·      80-fold increase in small bowel carcinoma

·      Oesophageal cancer, other malignancies

·      Collagenous sprue – excessive subepithelial collagen deposition.

·      Lymphocytic gastritis is a dense epithelial lymphocytic infiltration

·      About 10% of patients with coeliac disease have an isolated immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency

·      Associated with chronic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes melliteus, thyroid disease, addison's disease, fibrosing alveolitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa and temporal lobe epilepsy

Another case of Coeliac Disease

A 25-year-old woman complains of an itchy symmetrical rash over his arms, tiredness, recurrent abdominal pain and intermittent diarrhoea with a 11-kg weight loss over six months. She is pale and has a rash on her elbows and knees. Laboratory data shows a microcytic, hypochromic anaemia and low folate and ferritin levels, a low serum albumin and slightly raised TSH level and normal free T4.

Filed under Gastroenterology. Tagged Anaemia, Antibodies, Autoimmune Disorders, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Blood Film, Bone Pain, Bruises, Buttocks, Carcinoma, Cereal Protein, Chronic Liver Disease, Classical Case, Coeliac Disease, Collagen Deposition, Corn Maize, Diarrhoea, Disease Diabetes, Dr3, Dr7, Epithelial, Extensor Surfaces, Ferritin Levels, Folate, Forearm, Forearms, Free T4, Gastritis, Gluten Free Diet, Growth Retardation, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Intermittent Diarrhoea, Investigations, Knees, Laboratory Data, Low Serum Albumin, Mcv, Microcytic, Mode Of Presentation, Neutrophils, Old Man, Protein Allergy, Recurrent Abdominal Pain, Skin Eruption, Small Bowel, Sprue, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Thyroid Disease, Tissue Transglutaminase, Tsh Level, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Vesicles, Vesicular Rash, Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Vitamin D Deficiency, Wheat Barley, Woman C

2 Comments

Causes of Chronic Liver Disease

22 October 2009, 11:55 am

· Alcohol

· Paracetamole

· Amiodarone

· Isoniazid

· Arsenic

· Nitrofurantoin

· Propylthiouracil

· Vinyl chloride

· Hepatitis B and C

· CMV

· Tuberculosis

· secondary syphilis

· Fungal

· Sarcoidosis

· Primary biliary cirrhosis

· Primary sclerosing cholangitis

· Autoimmune chronic hepatitis

· Wilson's disease

· Hemochromatosis

· Glycogen storage disease

· Gaucher's disease

· Alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency

Filed under Gastroenterology. Tagged Alpha 1 Antitrypsin, Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency, Amiodarone, Biliary Cirrhosis, Chronic Hepatitis, Chronic Liver Disease, Glycogen Storage Disease, Hemochromatosis, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis B And C, Isoniazid, Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp Nbsp, Nitrofurantoin, Paracetamole, Primary Biliary, Primary Sclerosing, Propylthiouracil, Sarcoidosis, Sclerosing Cholangitis, Secondary Syphilis, Vinyl Chloride

7 Comments

Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

21 October 2009, 9:59 am

Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

	Crohn's Disease	Ulcerative Colitis
Pathologic features	Transmural inflammation Deep ulcers Granulomas common “non caseating”	Mucosal inflammation Superficial ulcers Granulomas absent
Site	Mouth to anus (ileum and proximal colon most common)	Colon
Ileal involvement	Narrowed lumen with thickened wall	Dilated lumen & diminished folds.
Rectal involvement	Up to 50%	More than 95%
Rectal bleeding	Less than 40%	More than 90%
Fulminating attacks	Uncommon	Common
Obstruction	Common	Rare
Fistulas	Common	Rare
Perianal disease	Common	Less common
Extent	Patchy	Continuous
Ulcers	Deep,longitudinal	Shallow, button like
Pseudopolyps	Uncommon	Common
Strictures	Common	Uncommon

More comments:

Filed under Gastroenterology. Tagged Amp, Anus, Crohn Disease, Crohn S Disease, Extent, Lumen, Nbsp, Pathologic Features, Proximal Colon, Rare Disease, Strictures, Superficial Ulcers, Transmural Inflammation, Ulcerative Colitis

17 Comments

Foramina of the skull

4 June 2009, 5:17 am

Summary of important foramina

foramen	vessels	nerves
foramina of cribriform plate	-	olfactory nerve bundles (I)
optic canal	ophthalmic artery	optic nerve (II)
superior orbital fissure	superior ophthalmic vein inferior ophthalmic vein	oculomotor nerve (III) trochlear nerve (IV) lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V1) abducent nerve (VI)
foramen rotundum	-	maxillary nerve (V2)
inferior orbital fissure	inferior ophthalmic veins infraorbital artery infraorbital vein	zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V2) orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion
foramen ovale	accessory meningeal artery	mandibular nerve (V3) lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)
foramen lacerum (or carotid canal)	internal carotid artery	internal carotid nerve plexus
internal acoustic meatus	labyrinthine artery	facial nerve (VII) vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
stylomastoid foramen	stylomastoid artery	facial nerve
jugular foramen	posterior meningeal artery ascending pharyngeal artery inferior petrosal sinus sigmoid sinus internal jugular vein	glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) vagus nerve (X) accessory nerve (XI)
hypoglossal canal	-	hypoglossal nerve (XII)
foramen magnum	vertebral arteries meningeal branches of vertebral arteries	medulla oblongata spinal roots of accessory nerves

Read more details about the Foramina of the skull on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramina_of_skull

Filed under Clinical anatomy. Tagged Accessory Nerve, Acoustic Meatus, Array, Carotid Canal, Facial Nerve, Inferior Ophthalmic Vein, internal carotid artery, Internal Jugular Vein, Nerve Bundles, Nerve Plexus, Ophthalmic Artery, Optic Canal, Orbital Branches, Petrosal Nerve, Posterior Meningeal Artery, Spinal Roots, Superior Ophthalmic Vein, Trochlear Nerve, Vagus Nerve, Vertebral Arteries, Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Comment

Autoantibodies

3 June 2009, 9:25 pm

Read more about Autoantibodies on wikipedia:

Click HERE to take this test:

Spectrum Autoantibodies

Filed under Immunology. Tagged Selftest, Swf, Wiki, Wikipedia

Comment

Drugs unsafe in acute porphyria (AIP)

13 March 2009, 3:43 am

Drugs unsafe in Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)

Filed under Clinical pharmacology. Tagged Acute Intermittent Porphyria, Amiodarone, Amphetamines, Anabolic Steroids, Antidepressants, Captopril, Erythromycin, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Hormone Therapy, Isoniazid, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Nifedipine, Porphyria, Simvastatin, Theophylline, Tricyclic Antidepressants, Verapamil

Comment

Bacteriostatic and Bacteriocidal Antibiotics

12 March 2009, 1:07 pm

Bacteriostatic Antibiotics

Others are Bacteriocidal.

Read more: http://knol.google.com/k/amol-kothalkar/antibiotics

Filed under Clinical pharmacology. Tagged Bacteriocidal Antibiotics, Erythromycin, Google, Lincosamides, Spectinomycin, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim

Comment

4mrcp.com

Ischemic colitis

Dermatological disorders with malignancy

Hypokalaemia

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Hepatitis B, D

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis A, E

Coeliac Disease

Causes of Chronic Liver Disease

Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

Foramina of the skull

Autoantibodies

Drugs unsafe in acute porphyria (AIP)

Bacteriostatic and Bacteriocidal Antibiotics

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